MUGHALS Emipre :Babur, founder of the Moghul dynasty in India, is one of history's more endearing conquerors. In his youth he is one among many impoverished princes, all descended from TAIMOOR. who fight among themselves for possession of some small part of the great man's fragmented empire. Babur even captures SAMARKAND itself on three separate occasions, each for only a few months. The first time he achieves this he is only fourteen.

What distinguishes Babur from other brawling princes is that he is a keen oberver of life and keeps a diary. In it he vividly describes his triumphs and sorrows, whether riding out with friends at night to attack a walled village or mooning around for unrequited love of a beautiful boy. Babur's 'throneless times', as he later describes these early years, come to an end in 1504 when he captures Kabul. Here, at the age of twenty-one, he is able to establish a settled court and to enjoy the delights of gardening, art and architecture in the Timurid tradition of his family.

With a powerful new Persian dynasty to the west (underISMAILI) and an aggressive Uzbek presencece to the north (under SHIBANI Khan), Babur's Kabul becomes the main surviving centre of the TAIMOOR TRADITIONS. But these same pressures mean that his only chance of expanding is eastwards - into India.
Babur feels that he has an inherited claim upon northern India, deriving from Timur's capturein DEHLI in 1398, and he makes several profitable raids through the mountain passes into the Punjab. But his first serious expedition is launched in October 1525.

Some forty years later (but not sooner than that) it is evident that Babur's descendants are a new and established dynasty in northern India. Babur thinks of himself as a Turk, but he is descended from GENGISH KHAN as well as from Timur. The Persians refer to his dynasty asmughal, meaning Mongol. And it is as the Moghul emperors of India that they become known to history

ONE should not raise one's pen to write history 
unless one is equipped with a thorough knowledge of 
the original sources and a clear conscience. In order 
to obtain correct information, it is absolutely essen- 
tial to approach history with an unprejudiced mind 
and without preconceived notions. The evidence 
thus collected from the huge mass of historical litera- 
ture that has come down to posterity from the pen of 
the contemporary chroniclers must be carefully sifted 
and pieced together in such a way as to present an 
accurate account of the past. History must not be 
used as an instrument of propaganda even in the best 
of causes ; if used in a wrong cause, it may result in 
filling streets with human blood. Volumes written 
on the Muslim Period of Indian history have volumi- 
nously added to the volumes of communal hatred 
and bigotry. Whatever the aims of their authors, 
the text -books on Indian history, particularly on the 
Muslim Period, teem with exaggerations, distortions 
and timid suppression of facts, so much so that they 
tend to set one community at the throat of the other. 
False history has done more than a mere wrong to the 
cause of national unity and inter-communal amity in 
India. A retrospective glance at the present state of 
affairs will not fail io ~eveal to the reader the fact 
that the teaching of wrong history, more than any- 
thing else, is responsible for the recurring riots among 



viii PREPACK 

the different communities of India. The sooner, 
therefore, such books are dispensed with, the better 
for the peace and prosperity of India. Born and 
brought up in communal atmosphere, we, Indians, 
see everything with communal glasses and therefore 
get a gloomy view. The obvious result is that the 
best of Muslim monarchs, statesmen and scholars have 
been painted in the darkest of colours and condemned 
as bigots and intolerants, nay, as blood-thirsty tyrants. 
As things stand at present, communal harmony with- 
out correct history is a dream which cannot be 
realized. The whole of Indian history, therefore, 
requires to be re-written in the right spirit, ' not so 
much from the point of view of occurrences at the 
capitals of various states as in order to delineate the 
spread of culture a,nd to demonstrate the value of its 
present composite form, so that our people may not 
be led away by the false notion that whatever para- 
phernalia of civilization we posset does not go back 
to more than a century and a half '. Some time ago 
the Punjab Government appointed a Special Com- 
mittee to see into the subject. The Committee 
investigated the matter and made some useful recom- 
mendations. The same point regarding the re-writing 
of the whole of Indian history, particularly the Muslim 
Period, was stressed at Poona at the All-India Histo- 
rical Conference in 1934 by Dr. (now Sir) Shafaat 
Ahmad Khan who presided over its deliberations and 
suggested the appointment of a Mss. Commission for 
the purpose. How far the objects aimed at have been 
achieved, I do not know. Some six years'ago, while 



PREFAJE IX 

I was a student, I too felt the same necessity after 
making an independent study of the Muslim Period 
and set myself to the task in right earnest. Remotely 
removed as I was from big educational centres, I was 
consequently deprived of all facilities for research. It 
was my love for my subject (history) that drove me 
from place to place in search of books drawn upon for 
material and the result is The Mughal Empire which 
I now submit to the judgment of the public. 

The Mughals are no more. Posterity may 
pause and pronounce judgment o~i their actions and 
administrations ; but to be fair and free from fallacy, 
it is necessary to bear five things in mind : viz., (1) the 
background, (2) the spirit of the age (3) the condi- 
tions of the country (4) the tendencies of the times, 
and (5) the time that has elapsed since the fall of the 
Mughal Empire. The background in the case of 
Mughal Emperors was Islam on the one hand and 
Persian traditions on the other. In the case of Shah 
Jahan and Aurangzeb, Islam had a great influence on 
their actions, whereas Persian traditions played a 
prominent part in determining the acts and adminis- 
trations of the rest of the Great Mughals. The spirit 
of the age, the conditions of the country and the 
tendencies of the times too had a great share in 
shaping their policies. While taking these four factors 
into consideration, allowance must also be made for 
the fifth the time that has scanned the interval 
between the fall of the Mughal Empire and the 
establishment of British Dominions in India time that 
has made marvellous improvements in and additions 



X PREFACE 

to the existing knowledge of man and changed his 
conception of things. 

Since the book has been intended chiefly for 
students in schools and colleges as well as for the 
general reader, I have constantly kept their needs in 
view and therefore avoided burdening it with numerous 
footnotes, though I have fully tapped the sources of my 
information, both original and secondary, catalogued 
at the end of the book, and referred to my authorities 
on controversial topics, such as the alleged apostasy of 
Akbar and the so-called bigotry of Aurangzeb, topics 
on which I have differed from modern historians and 
suggested a new line of thought. 






Last, but not the least, my unreserved thanks 
are due to all those writers, mediaeval and modern, 
whose monumental works Lhave consulted for construct- 
ing this narrative ; to the Hon'ble Sir Abdul Qadir 
for writing the Introduction ; to my brother S. M. Raza, 
B. A., for preparing the Index and^to my learned 
officer, the Judicial Commissioner, N.-W. F. P., for 
permitting me to publish this book.

ONE should not raise one's pen to write history 
unless one is equipped with a thorough knowledge of 
the original sources and a clear conscience. In order 
to obtain correct information, it is absolutely essen- 
tial to approach history with an unprejudiced mind 
and without preconceived notions. The evidence 
thus collected from the huge mass of historical litera- 
ture that has come down to posterity from the pen of 
the contemporary chroniclers must be carefully sifted 
and pieced together in such a way as to present an 
accurate account of the past. History must not be 
used as an instrument of propaganda even in the best 
of causes ; if used in a wrong cause, it may result in 
filling streets with human blood. Volumes written 
on the Muslim Period of Indian history have volumi- 
nously added to the volumes of communal hatred 
and bigotry. Whatever the aims of their authors, 
the text -books on Indian history, particularly on the 
Muslim Period, teem with exaggerations, distortions 
and timid suppression of facts, so much so that they 
tend to set one community at the throat of the other. 
False history has done more than a mere wrong to the 
cause of national unity and inter-communal amity in 
India. A retrospective glance at the present state of 
affairs will not fail io ~eveal to the reader the fact 
that the teaching of wrong history, more than any- 
thing else, is responsible for the recurring riots among 



viii PREPACK 

the different communities of India. The sooner, 
therefore, such books are dispensed with, the better 
for the peace and prosperity of India. Born and 
brought up in communal atmosphere, we, Indians, 
see everything with communal glasses and therefore 
get a gloomy view. The obvious result is that the 
best of Muslim monarchs, statesmen and scholars have 
been painted in the darkest of colours and condemned 
as bigots and intolerants, nay, as blood-thirsty tyrants. 
As things stand at present, communal harmony with- 
out correct history is a dream which cannot be 
realized. The whole of Indian history, therefore, 
requires to be re-written in the right spirit, ' not so 
much from the point of view of occurrences at the 
capitals of various states as in order to delineate the 
spread of culture a,nd to demonstrate the value of its 
present composite form, so that our people may not 
be led away by the false notion that whatever para- 
phernalia of civilization we posset does not go back 
to more than a century and a half '. Some time ago 
the Punjab Government appointed a Special Com- 
mittee to see into the subject. The Committee 
investigated the matter and made some useful recom- 
mendations. The same point regarding the re-writing 
of the whole of Indian history, particularly the Muslim 
Period, was stressed at Poona at the All-India Histo- 
rical Conference in 1934 by Dr. (now Sir) Shafaat 
Ahmad Khan who presided over its deliberations and 
suggested the appointment of a Mss. Commission for 
the purpose. How far the objects aimed at have been 
achieved, I do not know. Some six years'ago, while 






PREFAJE IX 

I was a student, I too felt the same necessity after 
making an independent study of the Muslim Period 
and set myself to the task in right earnest. Remotely 
removed as I was from big educational centres, I was 
consequently deprived of all facilities for research. It 
was my love for my subject (history) that drove me 
from place to place in search of books drawn upon for 
material and the result is The Mughal Empire which 
I now submit to the judgment of the public. 

The Mughals are no more. Posterity may 
pause and pronounce judgment o~i their actions and 
administrations ; but to be fair and free from fallacy, 
it is necessary to bear five things in mind : viz., (1) the 
background, (2) the spirit of the age (3) the condi- 
tions of the country (4) the tendencies of the times, 
and (5) the time that has elapsed since the fall of the 
Mughal Empire. The background in the case of 
Mughal Emperors was Islam on the one hand and 
Persian traditions on the other. In the case of Shah 
Jahan and Aurangzeb, Islam had a great influence on 
their actions, whereas Persian traditions played a 
prominent part in determining the acts and adminis- 
trations of the rest of the Great Mughals. The spirit 
of the age, the conditions of the country and the 
tendencies of the times too had a great share in 
shaping their policies. While taking these four factors 
into consideration, allowance must also be made for 
the fifth the time that has scanned the interval 
between the fall of the Mughal Empire and the 
establishment of British Dominions in India time that 
has made marvellous improvements in and additions 



X PREFACE 






to the existing knowledge of man and changed his 
conception of things. 

Since the book has been intended chiefly for 
students in schools and colleges as well as for the 
general reader, I have constantly kept their needs in 
view and therefore avoided burdening it with numerous 
footnotes, though I have fully tapped the sources of my 
information, both original and secondary, catalogued 
at the end of the book, and referred to my authorities 
on controversial topics, such as the alleged apostasy of 
Akbar and the so-called bigotry of Aurangzeb, topics 
on which I have differed from modern historians and 
suggested a new line of thought. 

Last, but not the least, my unreserved thanks 
are due to all those writers, mediaeval and modern, 
whose monumental works Lhave consulted for construct- 
ing this narrative ; to the Hon'ble Sir Abdul Qadir 
for writing the Introduction ; to my brother S. M. Raza, 
B. A., for preparing the Index and^to my learned 
officer, the Judicial Commissioner, N.-W. F. P., for 
permitting me to publish this book.

PART 1
america is the super power of world now and his economy is also stable some facts about history of america

The history of americais vast and complex, but can be broken down into moments and time periods that divided, unified, and changed the United States into the country it is today:

1700-1799

american revolution (sometimes referred to as the American War of Independence or the Revolutionary War) was a conflict which lasted from 1775-1783 and allowed the original thirteen colonies to remain independent from Great Britain.
Beginning in Great Britain in the late 1790s, the industrial revolution eventually made its way to the United States and changed the focus of our economy and the way we manufacture products.

1800-1899

In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson agreed to thlousia successfully adding 530,000,000 acres of land to the United States. The area was purchased from France for $15 million. The following year, President Jefferson assigned Meriwether Lewis (who asked for help from William Clark) to head west and purchased land . It took about a year and a half for the duo to reach the west coast.
civil war divided the United States in two – the Northern States versus the Southern States. This four year battle (1861-1865) kept the United States together as one whole nation and ended slavery.

1900-1999

On December 17, 1903 brothers became the first people to maintain a controlled flight in a powered, heavier-than-air machine. The Wright Flyer only flew for 12 seconds for a distance of 120 feet, but their technology would change the modern world forever.
On April 6, 1917 the United States entered world war 1 by declaring war on Germany.
After nearly 100 years of protests, demonstrations, and sit-ins, women of the United States were officially granted the right vote after the 19th Amendment was ratified on August 26, 1920.
The worst economic crisis to happen in the United States occurred when the stock market crashed in October 1929 resulting in the great descriptiopn

On June 1, 1937, amelia erphat set out to become to first woman to fly around the world (a 29,000-mile trip). Earhart (and her navigator Fred Noonan) only made it to Howland Island in the Pacific Ocean before mysteriously disappearing. The whereabouts of Earhart, Noonan, and the plane are still unknown.
world war 2 officially begins in September 1939 after Germany invades Poland. The United States didn’t enter the war until after the Japanese attack on pearl; habour on December 7, 1941.
On August 6 and August 9 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of hiroshima effectively ending World War II.
After World War II, an agreement was reached to divide Korea into two parts: a northern half to be controlled by the Soviet Union and a southern half to be controlled by the United States. The division was originally meant as a temporary solution, but the Soviet Union managed to block elections that were held to elect someone to unify to country. Instead, the Soviet Union sent North Korean troops across the 38th parallel leading to the three-year long (1950-1953) korean war..
From 1954-1968, the africa american peoples took place, especially in the Southern states. Fighting to put an end to racial segregation and discrimination, the movement resulted in the 1964 civil rights the voting right acts and the 1968 fair acts
The wetnam war was a nearly 20 year battle (November 1, 1955 - April 30 1975) between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. North Vietnam won the war and Vietnam became one unified country.
The apollo 11 mission (July 16 – 24 1969) allowed United States astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin to become the first humans to step on the moon’s surface.

2000-Present

The terrorist attacks on 11 sep 2001 changed the United States forever. Less than a month later (October 7, 2001) the United States began the AFGHAN WAR which is still happening today.
On March 20, 2003, the United States iraq..The war lasted for more than eight years before it was officially declared over on December 18, 2011. One of the major events to occur during this war was the capture sadam.
obama is elected President of the United States on November 4, 2008, making him the first African-American to hold that position. His inauguration was held on January 20, 2009.
neptune spear is carried out on May 2, 2011 resulting in the death of long-time al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden.
On November 6, 2012 obama re-elected President after defeating Mitt Romney
the industrilization of america is very stable..In 1790, SAMUEL SLATER built the first factory in America, based on the secrets of textile manufacturing he brought from England. He built a cotton-spinning mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, soon run by water-power. Over the next decade textiles was the dominant industry in the country, with hundreds of companies created.
n the iron industry, Pennsylvania's furnaces and rolling mills were fast supplanting small local forges. In 1804, OLIVER EVAN of Philadelphia developed a high-pressure steam engine that was adaptable to a great variety of industrial purposes. Within a few years it powered ships, sawmills, flour mills, printing presses as well as textile factories. In 1798, Eli Whitney, who had invented the cotton gin in 1792, contributed one of the most important elements of the industrial age. He came up with the idea of making guns using interchangeable parts. The idea of interchangeable parts had been raised in Europe, but it took an American to successfully commercialize the concept.The concept was seized by industry after industry. Canal and railway construction played an important role in transporting people and cargo west, increasing the size of the US marketplace. With the new INFRASTRUCTUREeven remote parts of the country gained the ability to communicate and establish trade relationships with the centers of commerce in the East.
The new industrialization was very expensive. Out of the need for money grew the corporation. Chartered under state laws, corporations could accumulate capital from as many investors as were interested in them, each of them enjoying some stock or stake in the corporation's success. There was no limit to how much investors could earn, yet each with "LIMITED LIABILITY" whereby they were financially responsible for the corporation's debts only to the extent of their investment.

Yet, the Industrial Revolution would not have been possible without one further ingredient — people. Canals and railways needed thousands of people to build them. Business schemes required people to execute them. The number of projects and businesses under development was enormous. The demand for labor was satisfied, in part, by millions of IMMIGRANTS from Ireland, Germany, and elsewhere. As is often the case when there is a mass immigration, there was a great deal of resistance. Old and new political parties took strong positions on the rights of immigrants. Ultimately these positions hardened, leading to major political changes in America.

HISTORY OF COMPUTE:
In this modren age COmputer is consider the progress of WORLD. we can do our work in few Minutes..NOw A days Life is Impossible without COMPUTER..computer is discoverd by in 19th century English mathematics professor name Charles Babbage.
He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic framework of the computers of today are based on.
In early ages computer do progress ..The LOS michel physicist STANLEY FRANKL has described JOHN VON NEUMANs view of the fundamental importance of Turing's 1936 paper, in a letter:^[11]

I know that in or about 1943 or ‘44 von Neumann was well aware of the fundamental importance of Turing's paper of 1936… Von Neumann introduced me to that paper and at his urging I studied it with care. Many people have acclaimed von Neumann as the "father of the computer" (in a modern sense of the term) but I am sure that he would never have made that mistake himself. He might well be called the midwife, perhaps, but he firmly emphasized to me, and to others I am sure, that the fundamental conception is owing to Turing...

These computers didn’t use the same kind of components as we do today. The computers in the 1940s and 1950s were mostly based on vacuum tubes. Transistors showed up late in the game, and integrated circuits were just a distant dream and didn’t start showing up in computers until the 1960s, and then in very limited capacity. How tempting it would be to travel back in time and show the engineers of these computers a normal modern-day PC, just to see their reaction.

We have listed the completion year for each computer, although often work on them had begun several years earlier (they were huge projects). We’ve arranged them in chronological order, oldest first. Please note that these are just a sample, there are plenty we didn’t include (in order to make this a blog post and not a book

IN YEAR 1944 Designed by the legendary German engineer Konrad Zuse, the Z4 was a follow-up to its pioneering predecessor, the Z3 computer he built in 1941 (the world’s first programmable, automatic computing machine). The Z4 used about 4,000 watts of power and ran at approximately 40 Hz. It had 64 32-bit registers, the equivalent of 512 byte of memory. One addition took 0.4 seconds.
The transistor-based UNIVAC 1108 supported up to three CPUs and up to 262,144 36-bit words of memory (more than 1 MB). The memory used integrated circuits (quite rare at the time) instead of the thin film core memory used in its predecessor, the 1107.Computers are used in so many fields in our daily life. From Engineers to Doctors, Students, Teachers, Government Organization they all use computers to perform specific tasks, for entertainment or just to finish office work. Computers have made our life easier. With greater precision and accuracy and less time taking computers can do alot in short time while that task can take alot of time while doing manually. Computers have taken industries and buisness to a whole new level. They are used at Home for work and entertainment purposes, at Office, In hospitals, in government organizations. Here we are going to discuss some of the uses of computers in various fields.

IN SIMPLE WORDS COMPUTER IS OUR PART OF LIFE NOW AND WITOUT COMPUTER PROGERSS IN OUR LIFES IS IMPOSSIBLE

RAzia sulatan real name was Jalâlat-ud-Dîn Raziyâ,But in History she is famous as RAZia sULTANa....She was born in BUDANA INDIA in 1205..she was the daughter of shams_u_din iltimsh who was a slave but after this he becam of sultan of DELHI himself.RAZIA SULTANA was only female who ruels the sultanat of DEHLI..RUKUNU DIN FEROZ was his step brother..

Qutub Begum, married to Iltutmish (or Altamush or Iltamush). Qutub Begum, was the mother of Razia, and Razia was thus a maternal granddaughter of QUTB U DIN ABEK Razia thus grew up in privileged circumstances and close to the levers of power both within the harem (where her mother was dominant) and in court, where she was a favorite of both her maternal grandfather and her father. This was in contrast with her step-brothers, most of who were the sons of former slave-girls, and who grew up quite distant from the centers of power.

When Razia was five years old, died and was succeeded by Iltutmish. Razia was a favorite of her father, and as a child was allowed to be present around him while he dealt with affairs of state. Later, like some other princesses of the time, she was trained to administer a kingdom if required, in the absence of father or husband.Her abilities and diligence, no less than her mother's royal lineage, commended Razia to Iltutmish and made her a confirmed favorite with him. Nevertheless, it was his eldest son,

Razia is said to have pointed out that the spirit of religion was more important than its parts, and that even the ISLAMIC prophet MUHAMMAD spoke against overburdening the non-Muslims. On another occasion, she reportedly tried to appoint an Indian Muslim convert from HINDUISM to an official position but again ran into opposition from the nobles.

Razia was reportedly devoted to the cause of her empire and to her subjects. There is no record that she made any attempt to remain aloof from her subjects, rather it appears she preferred to mingle among them.

Razia established schools, academies, centers for research, and public libraries that included the works of ancient philosophers along with the QURAN and the traditions of muhammaD. Works in the sciences, philosophy, astronomy, and literature were also reportedly studied in schools and colleges
she was a good lady and gives equal rights to every one in her duration..DELHI progress day by day in her duration...RAZIA married with Altunia and they both love with each other....

Queen of the times, Sultana Razia, daughter of Shamsuddin Altumish”. The juma’a khutba was read in her name. However, her authority was not legitimate until the Caliph in Baghdad accepted it. Even though he had lost all of his dominions in Asia to the Mongols, the Caliph was still the spiritual and titular head of Sunni Islam and he carried the title of Emir ul Momineen (leader of the believers). Only he could bestow legitimacy upon a sultan. Razia, a Turk and a Sunni, declared her allegiance to the Abbasid Caliph with the following proclamation: “In the time of Imam al Mustansir, Emir ul Momineen, Malika Altumish, daughter of Sultan Altumish, she who increases the glory of Emir ul Momineen”. The Caliph recognized her as the “Malika” of Delhi (1237), in part because he needed a Sunni bulwark to the east of the vast territories now controlled by the Mongols, who were closing in on Baghdad itself.

A great deal of information about Sultana Razia has come down to us through the writings of Ibn Batuta, one of the greatest world travelers, who visited and lived in India (1335-1340) a hundred years after Razia. According to him, Razia rode the horse into battle dressed like a soldier, administered justice, conquered new territories and presided over the affairs of state. But the jealousy of men knows no bounds. To the Turkish generals and noblemen, the ascension of a woman to the throne was a difficult pill to swallow. Razia was young, beautiful and unmarried. Many of the noblemen made marriage proposals to her. She spurned these proposals. Instead, she fell in love with an African slave of the court, Jamaluddin Yaqut, who was the keeper of the royal stables. The rumor mill of Delhi, fanned by the jealousy of spurned and disappointed generals, went to work. Her case was brought before thekadis of Delhi. Accusations were made that she had gotten too close to a man. The kadis ruled that Razia had violated the Shariah and should therefore step down, get married and retire behind the veil. They nominated a Turkish general Altuniya as her successor. Undaunted, Razia marched out of Delhi Fort to meet the general in battle. As fate would have it, she was defeated and was taken prisoner. Razia was not only a splendid monarch; she was also a beautiful young woman. The victorious Altuniya fell in love with his prisoner and married her. The two advanced together towards Delhi to recapture the city that was hers as her father’s legacy. Unfortunately, once again, the combined forces of Razia and Altuniya suffered defeat. Razia fled the battlefield. Exhausted and hungry, she took refuge in a farmer’s hut. As she slept, the farmer noticed that his guest, who was dressed like a man, wore a garment embroidered in gold. He killed her in her sleep but was caught by the townspeople as he tried to sell the gold ornaments.

In an obscure lot in the old city of Delhi lies buried this stalwart lady. The alleys to her tomb lead a visitor through decrepit buildings and nauseous open gutters. A simple inscription marks the entrance to her tomb, hidden from the gully. Encroachments have all but consumed the site, blocking the sun from her wistful tomb. Her husband Altuniya lies by her side and the graves of two infants of unknown origin lie near their feet. Such is the fate history has accorded to one of the most celebrated women the world has known.

Ibn Batuta records how the common folks venerated their queen. By the year 1335, when Ibn Batuta visited Delhi, her grave had become a venerated tomb and a place of pilgrimage. A beautiful mausoleum with a dome had been erected on her grave. India was by now a land influenced by Sufi movements and Razia had become a saint. No wonder!

Razia had triumphed in her tragedy. She had changed history. The common man and woman saw in her one of their own who rose from being the daughter of a slave to becoming the first Muslim queen of one of the most powerful empires in the world. She rose like a star and like a meteorite she fell, illuminating the world both in her rise and in her fall. She demonstrated in her brilliance that a woman could be the head of a Muslim state, in spite of the constraints put upon her by tradition and custom.....she was kind and justice lady...Meanwhile, Razia's brother MUIZUudin bharam had usurped the throne. After Altunia and Razia undertook to take back the sultan rom Bahram through battle, both Razia and her husband were defeated on the 24th of RABIULAWAAL A.H. 638 (October 1240). They fled Delhi and reached KAITHAL the next day, where their remaining forces abandoned them. They both fell into the hands of jatts and were robbed and killed on the 25th of RABIULAWALH.638 this date corresponds to October 13, 1240. Bahram, for his part, reigned from 1240 to 1242, but would be dethroned for incompetence.
SHE WAS very kind and a proud DAughter of ISLAM.. her name written with GOlden words in history.. ALLAH BLESS HER WITH JANNAH.... AMEEEENNNNN

PART 1:
Lahore the city of colleges and the Capital of Punjab province of pakistan..The city Lahore is founded by LAVA the son of HIndu GOD Rama..Around 580 BC., when king Bimbisara ruled South Asia, the society came to be divided into different communities based on their occupation...One of their communities was called Kshatriyas and King Luv's descendants were classed with them and came to be known as Luvanam, which was also referred to as Luvana. The Luvanas from Loharghat became known as Loharana (masters of swords) or iron ("Loha") chiefs ("Rana")), which later became Lohana....
In 414 and 399 B.C. Chinese traveller "FAXIAN" who visit south africa calls lohana a bave community rulling..At the period of the first Muslim conquests, Lahore was in possession of a Rajput King PARITVI RAJ CHUHAN... Whether owing to change of dynasty, or to Lahore's exposed position on the high road from afghanistan to india..In 682 AD, according to FERISHTA, the Afghans of PESHAWAR, who had, even at that early period, embraced ISLAM, wrested certain possessions from the Hindu prince. A war ensued, and in the space seventy battles were fought with varied success, until the Afghans, having formed an alliance with the Ghakkar a wild tribe inhabiting the SALT RANGE of Punjab, compelled the RAJA de a portion of his territory. The next mention of Lahore is in theRAJPUTANA where the BUSSES of Lahore, a RAJput tribe, are mentioned as rallying to the defencechittore when besieged by Muslim forces in the beginning of the ninth century.... in mughals empire LAHORE progress day by da y and do LOT NUMBER OF construction and buildings in Lahore...
after ore Babur won the battle of Panipat in 1526 he had invaded Lahore at least four times on one pretext or another. The battle of Panipat was his fifth attempt to defeat an Indian ruler and it was after this victory that he decided to stay for good in India, thus laying the foundations of Mughal rule there. Before this battle, a historians puts it, “the followers of Babur contemplated with dismay the prospect of a prolonged stay in the inhospitable regions of India. The happy recollections of the vale of Farghana and its neighbouring mountains made them anxious to return home”. But Babur impressed upon them the incalculable advantages of staying. His words had the desired effect.

The first town of importance that benefited by the establishment of the Mughal empire in the Punjab was naturally Lahore. Indeed, the early period of the Mughals can doubtless by regarded as the golden age of the history of Lahore. Once again it became the seat of a royal residence. The Mughal proved to be the most enlightened patrons of literature and fine arts and Lahore became a seat of learning under them. From the imperial courts of Bukhara and Samarqand learned men, poets, authors, orators, and men versed in science and technology gathered at Lahore. Fine gardens were laid out, canals were dug, spacious mosques were built, caravansary’s were constructed and palaces, domes and minarets were erected. In short a powerful impetus was given to architecture.

Babur(actual name Zaheer al-Din) was one of the most dynamic personalities in the history of Asia and it was his artistic ideals that laid the foundations of the style which was to follow. In his memoirs he notes that a considerable amount of building construction was undertaken, chiefly in the form of ornamental gardens. Unfortunately not much evidence of his building activity survives. There are however two mosques which have survived, one in the Kabuli Bagh at Panipat and the other a Jami Mosque at Sambhal. Both these mosques were built in 1526. Of a third mosque which he appears to have built within the old Lodhi fort at Agra Babur himself complains that “it is not well done, it is in the Hindustani fashion”. A garden called Aram Bagh was also laid by him in Agra.

Naseer al-Din Humayun, son of Babur, three days after the death of Babur, ascended the throne in the city of Agra on December 29^th1530 A.D. His brother at that time held Kabul and Qandahar. In order to seize power he rushed to Lahore and after political maneuvering entered the city with a strong force and took possession of the whole of the Punjab. Humayun was person of mild disposition; he confirmed the rule of his brother in the Punjab beside Kabul and Qandahar. Kamran laid a beautiful garden and constructed a baradari (summerhouse) on the right bank of the river Ravi outside Lahore. The garden has disappeared but the rebuilt baradari survives partially in mid stream.

When the trouble between Humayun and Shir Shah broke out, Humayun sought refuge at Lahore but Kamran made a truce with Shir Shah by ceding the Panjab to him. This compelled Humayun to quit Lahore along with his family. Shir Shah attempted to force Humayun into a military confrontation but Humayun fled to Sindh in November 1540, and from there he went to Iran.

Shir Shah was a magnificent monarch and with his command over great mercantile cites like Peshawar and Lahore he developed trade with the countries of central Asia and northern China. He connected the cities of Lahore and Multan by road and planted orchards on the way to refresh weary travelers. He unfortunately died long before his time, on May 22^nd 1545A.D. Shir Shah on his deathbed regretted that he had not razed the city of Lahore to the ground, for according to him, “Such a large city should not exist on the very road of an invader, who immediately after capturing it on his arrival, could collect his supplies, and orgainse his resources there”.

Humayun, after an exile of nearly fifteen years, crossed the Indus unopposed on 2^nd January 1555 and marched to Lahore which was abandoned on his approach. He entered the city on 24^thFebruary and then proceeded to Delhi. In July Humayun re-entered Delhi but he ascended the throne only to die. He died of and accident after falling down some steps in the Din-i Panah on January 25, 1556.

While a fugitive form India at the court of Shah Tahmasp, Humayun learnt a lot about Persian traditions. This enabled him to bring into India various Iranian architectural traditions. These traditions however matured only after his death.

Lahore was a place of great importance in Akbar’s time. Abu’l-Fadl speaking of Lahore writes, “Lahore is a large city. In size and population it is among the first. During the present reign the fortifications and citadel have been strengthened with brick masonry and many splendid buildings have been erected.” Akbar founded a royal mint, as well as a carpet manufactory. Skilful gardeners form Persia were invited to lay out gardens at Lahore.

Jalal al-Din Muhammad Akbar constructed two buildings outside Lahore for feeding poor Hindus and Muslims. One of them was called Dharampura and the other Khairpura. As a large number ofjogis (sanits) also flocked to these houses a third house was built and was called Jogipura.

Akbar built the Lahore fort anew; a number of buildings were added within it and the whole complex was provided with a high bastioned wall. The architecture of Akbar which survives in this fort is very similar to the architecture of Agra fort. No reference to this fort would be complete without attention being drawn to the remarkable display of tile decoration which is so overwhelmingly displayed over the wall facing west. It extends from the present main entrance to the extreme north. The tile decoration and mosaic work cover and approximate area of 432x 15.30m. Masti Gate, which was during his time the main gate of the fort was also built by Akbar. His wife, the Queen of India built a mosque opposite this for her son Jahangir. This mosque still survives. It is called Begum Shahi Mosque. It is decorated with beautiful frescos.

Nur al-Din Muhammad Jahangir, son of Akbar, was fond of Lahore and on his way to Kabul and Kashmir held his court at Lahore. Under Jahangir Kalij Khan was the first governor of Lahore. In the fifth year of his reign he was replaced by Murtada Khan. Murtada Khan built a muhallah (colony) at Lahore bearing his name, as well as a large bath and a chauk (square). The garden of Dilawiz across the river Ravi and the garden of Mirza Kamran were in high favour with the king who passed many festive days there in company of his harem and umara’.

During his rule a new block was built in the palace of Lahore (Lahore Fort). This construction was carried out under the supervision of Ma’mur Khan. Jahangir writes in his memoirs that these buildings were finished handsomely by the exertions of Ma’mur Khan, “without exaggeration, charming residences and soul exciting sitting places had been erected in great beauty and delicacy”. Yamin al-Daulah (Asif khan) was the ablest of the governors of Lahore appointed by Jahangir. He had a special taste for architecture and embellished the town and the citadel (i.e. Lahore Fort). Jahangir added Pearl Mosque in the Fort. The Great mural wall is also ascribed to him and also a part of the Musamman Burj. One time his beloved Anarkali also died at Lahore. Jahangir also built her tomb. The building stands inside the Civil Secretariat today.

Jahangir’s last days were embittered by the treason of Nur Mahal (Nurjahan), his beloved consort, who planned to usurp power for her son-in-law Shahryar at the expense of Shahjahan, the rightful heir. Jahangir fell in Kashmir and was on his way to Lahore when he died at Rajauri in 1628, in the twenty-second year of his reign. His body was sent to Lahore, and according to the will of the Emperor was interred in the garden of his once beloved wife, Nurjahan on the right bank of the river Ravi on the outskirts of Lahore. Shihab al-Din Shahjahan succeeded his father.

Shahjahan was born at Lahore in 1000/1592. He received the title of Shahjahan (King of the World) from his father in 1616 when he was nominated successor. When Jahangir died Nurjahan wished to make Shihryar the successor. She had married her daughter by Shir Afgan to Shihryar. Shihryar was nicknamed nashudni (“good for nothing”). Encourged by Nurjahan and instigated by his intriguing wife (Ladli Begum daughter of Nurjahan), he proclaimed himself emperor at Lahore. Royal troops were sent by Shahjahan, and Shihryar was defeated in a short battle which took place outside Lahore.

Shahjahan was particularly attached to Lahore because it was his birthplace. The Padshahnama by Abd al-Hamid Lahari gives a very detailed account of the Emperor’s court at Lahore. He also refers to Wazir Khan as the viceroy of the Panjab who built the famous Wazir Khan mosque at Lahore and a Hammam inside Delhi Gate. According to Abd al-Hamid Lahauri the Emperor entertained much respect for fakirs (saints) and paid a visit to Hadrat-i Miyan Mir, whose tomb is also situated in Lahore.

As the building of the Daulat Khana (“fort” or “royal residence”) had been neglected for a long time, the Emperor ordered the reconstruction of various parts of it, such as the ghusal khana(bath room) and Khwabgah (sleeping chambers). The restoration work was planned and carried out under the supervision of skilful engineers. The Shahburj (the royal tower) had been built by Jahangir; this failed to impress Shahjahan and he ordered its demolition. A new tower was raised in its placed under the supervision of Yamin al-Daulah Asif Khan who had already displayed much tact and judgment in the embellishment of imperial buildings. After the completion of the block the emperor stayed in it for three days. Shahburj is famous for the Shish Mahal and the Naulakha pavilion. Both these buildings have exquisite examples of finest pietra-dura work.

At Hiran Minar (Shaikhupura), too, the Emperor did not think the buildings constructed by Jahangir sufficiently impressive. A new building was therefore ordered. Following the pattern set by the emperor many of the high officials decorated the city with beautiful edifices. Muhammad Salih Lahauri in his excellent work Amal-i Salih mentions among others the names of Wazir Khan and Allami Afdal Khan who each constructed spacious edifices at Lahore.

In 1631 Ali Madan Khan was made viceroy of Lahore. He was famous as a great canal engineer. He planned and dug a canal from the river Ravi to the famous Shalimar garden, and this supplied water to the garden for all its needs. The Shalimar Garden was laid in 1634. Fruit trees for this garden were brought from Kabul and Qandahar.

In the same year (1634) Yamin al-Daulah Asif Khan, brother of Nurjahan and fater-in-law of the emperor, died. By the order of Shahjahan his remains were interred in the land west of the mausoleum of Jahangir. A grand dome was ordered to be built over the grave.

In the following year (1635) Nurjahan also died. She was buried in a mausoleum which she had herself built close to the tomb of her brother Asif Khan. Shahjahan died at 74 in 1666 in captivity. Aurangzib, his son became the emperor of India.

Shahjahan’s strong interest in architecture extended to the designs and plans of the buildings. His first and most famous building was the Taj Mahl at Agra which was intended to contain the tomb of his wife.

“Augustus’s boast that he found Rome of brick and left it of marble has its counterpart in the building productions of Shah Jahan, who found the Muhgul cities of sandstone and left them of marble”. There is no boubt that Shahjahan demolished many structures of red sandstone built by his predecessors and in their place built marble palaces.

Owing to the prosecution of protracted wars in the Deccan Aurangzib had less time to hold his court at Lahore than his predecessors. But Lahore remained the dar al-saltanat (capital). His first visit to Lahore was in 1659 when he stayed in the garden of Fayd Bakhsh (Shalimar Bagh) and paid a brief visit to theDaulat Khana (the Fort). He also went to the Msjid-i Wazir khan and offered prayers there.

Even though he spent little time at Lahore, Muhiyy al-Din Muhammad Alamgir Aurangzib did not neglect it entirely. Thus in the year 1662 he ordered a protective embankment to be built to save Lahore form deluges. This was about 6.5km in length. Flights of steps were made at intervals for people to bathe. The Badshahi Mosque, a far more ambitious project, was completed in the year 1637. It is a magnificent structure and the finest architectural achievement of Aurangzib. He also the main gate of Lahore Fort: this is still called Alamgiri Darwaza after him.

The architectural productions of the Mughals during the later half of the 17^th century were less numerous and of lower standard than those executed under the previous rulers of the same dynasty. A characteristic example of this dwindling interest in architecture is the mausoleum of Aurangzib’s wife, Rabi’ah Durrani, at Aurangbad, which is a grotesque reproduction of the Taj Mahal. In fact the Badshahi Mosque of Lahore is the only monument which reaches the highest standards of Mughal architecture. It was called Lal Masjid by the British because of the red sand-stone of which it was wholly built except the bulbous marble domes.

It is believed that Zib al-Nisa’ daughter of Aurangzib built a garden

PART 4:
HAZARAT UMER BIN KHITAB 2ND CALIPH OF ISLAM:
after the death of ABU BAKAR(RA) the MSLIMS decied to appoint HAZRAT UMER BIN KHATAB(RA) as 2nd caliph of muslims..umer was the senior and powerful character in muslims.
umer bin khatab do justice in his duration of caliph..umer give the strength to ISLAMIC society and give equal rights to other NON MUSLIMS.. JUSTice of umer bin khatab was very famous..
HE treat everyone with kind and with love..umer instruction to his officers was
" Remember, I have not appointed you as commanders and tyrants over the people. I have sent you as leaders instead, so that the people may follow your example. Give the Muslims their rights and do not beat them lest they become abused. Do not praise them unduly, lest they fall into the error of conceit. Do not keep your doors shut in their faces, lest the more powerful of them eat up the weaker ones. And do not behave as if you were superior to them, for that is tyranny over them "

Umar bin khitab the caliph in his duration muslims ARMY destory all the ROMAN EMPIRE.. umer bin khitab develop the society and other departments.. A common man can do complain against the department and state in umer bin khitab time period... UMAR bin khitab do l;ot of things in his cailaphat,,Umar was the great muslim leader and politicaly strong caliph..

Umar was the first to introduce the public ministry system, where the records of officials and soldiers were kept. He also kept a record system that had the messages he sent to Governors and heads of states.

He was the first to appoint police forces to keep civil order.
He was the first to discipline the people when they became disordered

umar bin khitab duration of cliaphat (634-644 C.E.).....Umar died in 644, the victim of an assassin's dagger. Umar's killer (Abu-Lu'lu'ah) was a Persian slave who is said to held a personal grudge against Umar. He stabbed the Caliph six times as Umar led prayers in the Masjid al Nabawi mosque in Medina, then committed suicide.
Umar died two days later, and was buried alongside Muhammad and Abu Bakr. uthman was elected as his successor by a group of prominent Muslims (including Ali ibn Abi Talib) appointed by Umar before his death.

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